Spain’s outer space program comprises both civilian and military components. The Spanish Space Agency established in 2023 under the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, oversees national space activities across research, industry, and governance. It is responsible for implementing Spain’s space policy, representing the country internationally, and advancing national space capabilities.

The Spanish Air and Space Force oversees space defense through the Space Command (Mando del Espacio, MESPA). MESPA is responsible for protecting national interests in space, maintaining space situational awareness, and supporting defense operations using space-based assets. It also operates national military satellites and contributes to Spain’s activities within NATO and European defense frameworks.

Key policies on space security include the National Aerospace Security Strategy 2025. As a member State to the European Union, Spain adheres to the established space framework by the European Union including key positions including but not limited to the Space Strategy for Europe and the European Union Space Strategy for Security and Defence, and the political commitment not to conduct destructive, direct-ascent anti-satellite (ASAT) missile testing.